Deutschland im Hohen Mittelalter Feudalismus und Rittertum
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Germany, Early Middle Ages, Feudal Class SocietyResumo
Zusammenfassung Das Lehnswesen gliederte die mittelalterliche Gesellschaft von oben nach unten. An der Spitze der Lehnspyramide stand der König, gefolgt von den geistlichen Reichsfürsten, den weltlichen Fürsten bis hinab zu den Einschildrittern, die Lehen empfingen, aber keine vergeben konnten. Das Lehnswesen war aber nicht das einzige Gleiderungsprinzip der mittelalterlichen Gesellschaft. Daneben und in Konkurrenz dazu standen landrechtliche Prinzipien, wie beispielsweise die Unterscheidung in Freie und Unfreie. Ursprünglich unfrei waren die Ministerialen, die im Laufe des 11. und 12. Jahrhunderts aufstiegen und mit weniger begüterten Edelfreien zum neuen Stand des niederen Adels zusammenwuchsen. Erleichtert wurde dieser Aufstieg durch die Idee des Rittertums, der Ministeriale wie Edelfreie erfaßte. Durch diese Idee wurde eine teilweise in Konkurrenz zu der geistlichen Kultur stehende weltliche Kultur geschaffen, die ihren besonderen Ausdruck in Minnesang und höfischen Epen fand. Die meisten Dichter dieser weltlichen Kultur entstammten der Ministerialität. Schlusselwörter: Deutschland, Hohes Mittelalter, Feudale Standesgesellschaft Abstract The feudal system coordinated the medieval society from top to bottom. At the very top of the feudal pyramid there was the king, followed by the ecclesiastical princes of the empire, by the secular princes until the very bottom to the simple knights, who only received the feuds, but could not donate them. The feudalism was not the only coordination’s principle for the medieval society. Beside it and competing with it there were principles based on the ground’s right, as e.g. the differentiation in free or unfree men. Originally unfree were the ministerials, who ascended in course of the 11th. and 12th. centuries and rose together with free noble men with only a few estates to the new social class of the lower nobility. Such ascension was made easier through the idea of the chivalry, which comprehended the ministerials as free noble men. Through this idea there was created a secular culture, partially in competition with the ecclesiastical one, which found its special expression in courtly love and courtly epos. The majority of the poets of this secular culture came from the ministeriality. Keywords: Germany, Early Middle Ages, Feudal Class SocietyDownloads
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